Comparison of submillimeter and ultraviolet observations of neutral carbon toward Zeta Ophiuchi

We have observed the ^3P_1 → ^3P_0 ground state transition of C_I emission toward ζ Oph. We compare this observation with predictions made from Copernicus ultraviolet absorption measurements of the population of the ^3P_1 level and with millimeter wave observations of CO

The abundances of atomic carbon and carbon monoxide compared with visual extinction in the Ophiuchus molecular cloud complex

We have observed emission from the 492 GHz lines of C I toward six positions in the Ophiuchus molecular cloud complex for which accurate visual extinctions are available. We find that the column density of C I increases with A_v to greater than 2 x 10^(17) cm^(-2) at 100 mag, the column-averaged fractional abundance reaches a peak of about 2.2 x 10^(-5) for A_v in the range 4-11 mag and the column-averaged abundance ratio of C I to CO decreases with A_v from about 1 at 2 mag to greater than ~0.03 at 100 mag. These results imply that, while C I is not the primary reservoir of gaseous carbon even at cloud edges, its fractional abundance remains high for at least 10 mag into the cloud and may be significant at even greater depths

First detection of the ground-state J_K = 1_0 → 0_0 submillimeter transition of interstellar ammonia

The J_K = 1_0 → 0_0 transition of ammonia at 572.5 GHz has been detected in OMC-1 from NASA's Kuiper Airborne Observatory. The central velocity of the line (V_(LSR)≈ 9 km s^(-1)) indicates that it originates in the molecular cloud material, not in the hot core. The derived filling factor of ≳ 0.09 in a 2' beam implies a source diameter of ≳ 35" if it is a single clump. This clump area is much larger than that derived from observations of the 1_1 inversion transition. The larger optical depth in the 1_0 → 0_0 transition (75-350) can account for the increased source area and line width as compared with those seen in the 1_1 inversion transition

Chlorine in dense interstellar clouds - The abundance of HCl in OMC-1

We report the first detection of a chlorine-bearing molecular species in the interstellar medium via emission from the J = 1 → 0 transition of HCl at 625.9 GHz toward OMC-1. The relative strengths, widths, and velocities of the resolved hyperfine components are consistent with moderate optical depth emission originating from dense, quiescent molecular cloud material (V_(LSR) = 9 km s^(-1)). The overall emission strength implies a fractional abundance of f(HCl/H_2) ~ (0.5-5.0) x 10^(-8), depending on the density of the emitting region. This is approximately an order of magnitude below previous theoretical estimates and a factor of 3-30 below the cosmic abundance of Cl. Recent laboratory work suggests that the lowered fractional abundance of HCl is caused by a combination of depletion onto grains with gas-phase loss processes such as the reaction of HCl with C^+

Sensitivity derivatives and optimization of nodal point locations for vibration reduction

A method is developed for sensitivity analysis and optimization of nodal point locations in connection with vibration reduction. A straightforward derivation of the expression for the derivative of nodal locations is given, and the role of the derivative in assessing design trends is demonstrated. An optimization process is developed which uses added lumped masses on the structure as design variables to move the node to a preselected location; for example, where low response amplitude is required or to a point which makes the mode shape nearly orthogonal to the force distribution, thereby minimizing the generalized force. The optimization formulation leads to values for added masses that adjust a nodal location while minimizing the total amount of added mass required to do so. As an example, the node of the second mode of a cantilever box beam is relocated to coincide with the centroid of a prescribed force distribution, thereby reducing the generalized force substantially without adding excessive mass. A comparison with an optimization formulation that directly minimizes the generalized force indicates that nodal placement gives essentially a minimum generalized force when the node is appropriately placed

Interstellar H^+_3: possible detection of the 1_(10)→1_(11) transition of H_2D^+

An interstellar line has been detected in emission at the expected submillimeter wavelength of the 1_(10)→1_(11) transition of H_(2)D^+, the deuterated version of the primary ion (H^(+)_(3)) in the favored ion-molecule reaction scheme for interstellar gas phase chemistry. The strength of the line is in approximate agreement with the theoretically anticipated H_(2)D^+ abundance

Injuries associated with bunk beds that occur in jail

Background There are many studies of bunk bed injuries, but none specifically addressing those occurring in jails. It was the purpose of this study to investigate the magnitude and patterns of bunk bed injuries occurring in correctional institutions. Methods The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) data for the 10 year period 2006 through 2015 due to bunk beds was accessed. Injuries involving bunk beds were identified and the mechanism of injury determined. Statistical analyses were performed with SUDAAN 10™ software. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results There were an estimated 639,505 ED visits for bunk bed associated injuries; 51,204 occurred in jail. All jail cases occurred in the age groups ≥10 years (177,165); 29% of these 177,165 sustained the injury in jail. Those who sustained a bunk bed injury in jail compared to those who did not were older, more commonly male, seen in smaller hospitals, more likely admitted, and more frequently associated with a seizure. For those injuries occurring in jail, the most common injury in the trunk and lower extremity was a strain/sprain; the upper extremity a contusion/abrasion; and the head/neck a laceration or traumatic brain injury. A fall off the bunk bed accounted for 71.8% of the injuries, had the highest hospital admission rate (7.4%), accounted for all of the spine injuries, 96% of the head injuries, and had the highest proportion of fractures (14.4%). Inmates having a seizure before the injury sustained fewer fractures, more lacerations, and more head/neck injuries. Conclusions Injuries in jail account for 29% of all bunk bed injuries resulting in an ED visit in the USA in those age groups ≥10 years. A fall from the bed occurred in 72% and a seizure disorder was 4.5 times more common in jail inmates compared to non inmates. Possible prevention strategies include railings/ladders to reduce the incidence of falls, changes in flooring surfaces, and seizure education and placing inmates with seizure and/or alcohol related disorders on the bottom bunk. This will require a multidisciplinary approach involving the disciplines of medicine, material engineering, and criminal justice